Evaluation of HPV Knowledge Levels Among Healthcare Professionals and Medical Students: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Private Hospitals and Foundation Universities in Turkey

Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitudes toward human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccination among healthcare professionals and medical students and to identify demographic and professional factors associated with variations in HPV knowledge. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 903 participants comprising medical doctors, medical students, nurses, and other allied healthcare personnel. HPV knowledge was measured using the validated 33-item Human Papillomavirus Knowledge Scale (HPV-KS), which evaluates four domains: general HPV knowledge, HPV screening tests, HPV vaccination, and the national HPV vaccination program. Demographic, educational, occupational, and geographical variables were also collected. Total and domain-specific scores were compared across gender, professional groups, and educational levels. Results: The mean total HPV knowledge score was 19.23 out of 33, indicating moderate overall knowledge. Correct response rates were high for core factual items (e.g., HPV as the leading cause of cervical cancer), yet several misconceptions persisted, including misunderstandings about HIV/AIDS causation and HPV transmission dynamics. Male participants demonstrated significantly higher total knowledge (p = 0.008) and greater HPV screening test knowledge (p = 0.003) than females. Professional category did not yield significant differences in total scores although medical doctors and medical students showed slightly higher vaccination-related knowledge. Participants who were not physicians or medical students had higher screening and vaccination knowledge, whereas physicians and medical students scored higher on vaccination program knowledge. Conclusions: HPV knowledge among healthcare professionals and medical students was moderate, with persistent misconceptions across several domains. Gender-based differences and unexpected patterns among physicians and medical students suggest that existing curricula may not adequately address HPV and HPV vaccination. Strengthening formal education, integrating evidence-based HPV modules into health sciences training, and providing structured professional development are essential to enhancing HPV awareness, supporting vaccination advocacy, and improving preventive health practices.