Influence of Metal Ions and Organic Solutions on Activity and Stability of Beta-Glucosidase Nanoflowers

β-Glucosidase, a pivotal enzyme in the synthesis of various glycosides with wide applications in industries such as food, cosmetics, beverages, bioenergy, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and detergents, undergoes immobilization to enhance its utility in industrial processes and improve enzymatic properties. In this study, the conventional hybrid nanoflower synthesis method was used for β-glucosidase-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. Following a comprehensive pH and temperature scanning of the nanoflowers, the influence of metallic ions and various organic solvents on hybrid nanoflowers to enhance the activity and stability of the biocatalyst were investigated. The optimal morphology for β-Glu/NFs was determined to be 0.01 mg/mL. To obtain the optimum activity conditions, we explored pH values ranging from 3 to 8 and temperatures between 30 and 80 °C. Both the free form and β-Glu/NFs exhibited higher activity in acidic conditions, with a significant decrease in activity observed at pH 7 and 8. β-Glu/NFs demonstrated superior activity compared to the free enzyme in the presence of metal ions, exhibiting a remarkable 3.6-fold increase in activity in chloroform, and approximately 2.8 and 2.7 times increase in benzene and glycerol, respectively. Moreover, it displayed over a 2-fold increase in activity in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetone, and DMSO.